PresentNail

Ren Essential Moroccan Rose Oil

2006-12-07T15:00:00.000-08:00

This is one of the most amazing natural bath oils I have used. It is a rich, sensuous and luxurious. Only a small amount of the Moroccan Otto Rose Oil in the bath will fill the room with this incredible smell. This rose oil really penetrates the skin during the bath leaving it soft as silk and with the beatiful scent of the rose oil

Durga

2005-03-19T16:25:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: “the Inaccessible”), in Hindu mythology, one of the many forms of Sakti (the goddess), and the wife of Siva (Shiva). Her best-known feat was the slaying of the buffalo-demon Mahisasura. According to legend she was created for this purpose out of flames that issued from the mouths of Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, and the lesser gods. She was born fully grown and beautiful; nevertheless,

Bendahara

2005-03-16T15:30:00.000-08:00

In the traditional Malay states, the chief minister, second only to the sultan in rank, power, and authority; the office of bendahara (a Sanskrit title) grew in importance during the Malacca sultanate after 1400. Its functions included executing the sultan's commands and acting as prime minister and commander in chief. The bendahara also supplied the sultan with a palace

Earth, Ellipsoidal era

2005-03-15T23:05:00.000-08:00

The period from Eratosthenes to Picard can be called the spherical era of geodesy. A new ellipsoidal era was begun by Newton and the Dutch mathematician and scientist Christiaan Huygens. In Ptolemaic astronomy it had seemed natural to assume that the Earth was an exact sphere with a centre that, in turn, all too easily became regarded as the centre of the entire universe.

Uzun Hasan

2005-03-12T06:13:00.000-08:00

With the death of Kara Osman, founder of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, in 1435, a civil war ensued among his descendants. By 1453 Uzun Hasan had emerged victorious and succeeded to the throne. His principality, centred at Amida, was surrounded

Burdett-coutts, Angela Georgina Burdett-coutts, Baroness

2005-03-10T09:31:00.000-08:00

The youngest daughter of the radical politician Sir Francis Burdett, she took the name of Coutts in 1837 when she inherited the fortune of the banker Thomas Coutts, her grandfather.

Amorphous Solid, Polymeric structural materials

2005-03-09T21:05:00.000-08:00

Polystyrene, the organic polymer listed in the Table, is a prototypical example of a polymeric glass. These glasses, whose atomic-scale structure has been discussed in connection with Figure 7B, make up a broad class of lightweight structural materials important in the automotive, aerospace, and construction industries. These materials are also ubiquitous in everyday

Bonaparte, Jérôme

2005-03-07T16:29:00.000-08:00

A member of the consular guard

United Nations

2005-03-04T06:51:00.000-08:00

The Arab League on September 21 voted to defy UN sanctions by permitting planes carrying Col. Muammar al-Qaddafi, the Libyan leader, to land on the territory of member nations and to permit flights to Libya for humanitarian and religious purposes. The sanctions were imposed on Libya in 1992 over its refusal to surrender suspects wanted in the U.S. and Britain in connection

Internationale, L'

2005-03-02T14:44:00.000-08:00

About 1871 a Parisian transport worker, Eugène Pottier, wrote the words (as a poem), which begin, “Debout, les damnés de la terre” (“Arise, the wretched of the earth”) and acclaim, “Nous n'étions rien—donc, soyons tout!” (“We were

Athanasius, Saint

2005-02-28T03:15:00.000-08:00

Theologian, ecclesiastical statesman, and Egyptian national leader; he was the chief defender of Christian orthodoxy in the 4th-century battle against Arianism, the heresy that the Son of God was a creature of like, but not of the same, substance as God the Father. His important works include The Life of St. Antony and Four Orations

Swaziland System

2005-02-27T20:00:00.000-08:00

Major division of rocks and time in southern Africa in Precambrian Time (3.96 billion to 540 million years ago). The system consists of a great thickness of sedimentary and metamorphic (altered) rocks with numerous intrusions of igneous bodies. Two major subdivisions of the Swaziland System are recognized, an Upper and a Lower series. Many of the units that constitute the

Basava

2005-02-25T05:04:00.000-08:00

Hindu religious reformer, teacher, theologian, and administrator of the royal treasury of the Calukya king Bijjala I (reigned 1156–67). Basava is the subject of the Basava-Purana, one of the sacred texts of the Hindu Lingayat sect. According to South Indian oral tradition, he was the actual founder of the Lingayats, but study of Calukya inscriptions indicates

Canastra Mountains

2005-02-23T06:02:00.000-08:00

Portuguese Serra Da Canastra, mountain range on the Planalto Central (Brazilian Highlands) in western Minas Gerais estado (“state”), southeastern Brazil. Extending 150 miles (240 km) from the Goías state border in the north to the upper Grande River in the south, the Canastra Mountains rise to an average elevation of 6,000 feet (1,800 m) and form the eastern border of the Triângulo Mineiro, a grassland region between the

Gruppo 63

2005-02-20T08:01:00.000-08:00

The group was organized at a 1963 meeting in Palermo. Edoardo Sanguineti, Elio Pagliarani, Nanni Balestrini, Antonio Porta, Renato Barilli, Luciano Anceschi, Giorgio Manganelli,

Vignola, Giacomo Da

2005-02-18T00:36:00.000-08:00

After studying in Bologna, Vignola went to Rome in the 1530s and made drawings of the antiquities for a projected edition of Vitruvius' treatise

La Fontaine, Jean De

2005-02-17T04:52:00.000-08:00

Biographical and critical studies include Marie-Odile Sweetser, La Fontaine (1987); Agnes Ethel Mackay, La Fontaine and His Friends: A Biography (1972); John C. Lapp, The Esthetics of Negligence: La Fontaine's Contes (1971); and Richard Danner, Patterns of Irony in the Fables of La Fontaine (1985).

Irish Sweepstakes

2005-02-15T08:26:00.000-08:00

In full Irish Hospitals' Sweepstakes one of the largest lotteries promoted internationally; it was authorized by the Irish government in 1930 to benefit Irish hospitals. A private trust was formed to run the lottery and market tickets throughout the world. During the 57 years of its existence, the contest derived more revenue from the United States than from any other country, although all the tickets were

Freiburg, Albert Ludwig University Of

2005-02-12T00:22:00.000-08:00

German in full Albert-ludwigs-universität Freiburg Im Breisgau, academically autonomous coeducational institution of higher learning at Freiburg im Breisgau, Ger., financially supported by the state of Baden-Württemberg. Founded in 1457 by Archduke Albrecht of Austria and confirmed by the Holy Roman emperor and the pope, the university was at first named after its founder, but at the beginning of the 19th century added “Ludwig” to the

Cromwell, Richard

2005-02-11T14:17:00.000-08:00

He served in the Parliamentary army and, during his father's protectorate, was a member of the Parliaments of 1654 and 1656. In 1655 he was

Pithoragarh

2005-02-09T02:16:00.000-08:00

City, northern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies east of Almora, on a ridge of the Himalayan foothills. The surrounding area lies entirely within the Himalayan Range and is bordered by Nepal to the east and China to the north. Rice, barley, and wheat are grown. Pop. (1991 prelim.) city, 27,753.

Road Race

2005-02-06T23:55:00.000-08:00

Usually, all contestants

Ghadr

2005-02-05T15:19:00.000-08:00

(Urdu: “Revolution”), an early 20th-century movement among Indians, principally Sikhs living in North America, to end British rule in their homeland of India. The movement originated with an organization of immigrants in California called the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast. Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, many of the Ghadrites returned to India and

Natal Grass

2005-02-02T04:05:00.000-08:00

Any of several southern African grasses of the family Poaceae, and species Rhynchelytrum repens (formerly Tricholaena rosea), which in some areas is known as Natal red top. It is a tufted, perennial with glossy, purple or pink hairs on the seed heads. Natal grass is found on disturbed soils in tropical America and Australia and is cultivated as a forage and ornamental

Brill, Paul

2005-01-31T23:16:00.000-08:00

Also called Paulus Bril Flemish artist who was perhaps the most popular painter of landscapes in Rome in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. His early forest landscapes derive in style partly from Mannerism, but after 1600 he disciplined and simplified his compositions under the influence of the German painter Adam Elsheimer. His latest work was classical in character.

Endotoxin

2005-01-28T18:52:00.000-08:00

Toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates. Endotoxins consist of lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein complexes. The protein component determines its foreign (antigenic) nature; the polysaccharide component determines the antibody type that can react with the endotoxin molecule to produce

Daddy Longlegs

2005-01-25T05:57:00.000-08:00

Also called Harvestman, any of the 3,400 species of the arachnid order Opiliones (sometimes named Phalangida). A daddy longlegs differs from all true spiders (order Araneae) by the extreme length and thinness of its legs and by the small size and spherical or oval shape of its body, which is not divided into two regions by a constriction. The body is 1 to 22 mm (0.04 to 0.9 inch) long; the slender legs, which easily break

Nafusah Plateau

2005-01-23T19:52:00.000-08:00

Arabic Jabal Nafusah, Nafusah also spelled Nefusa, hilly limestone massif, northwestern Libya. It extends in a west-northeasterly arc between Al-Jifarah (Gefara) plain and Al-Hamra' Plateau. With heights ranging from 1,500 to 3,200 feet (460 to 980 m), the plateau runs east for 120 miles (190 km) from the Tunisian border to the Kiklah Trough and then curves northeast for 93 miles (150 km), ending in hills near the Mediterranean coast at Al-Khums. It is crowned by a

Tibet, Customs

2005-01-21T13:11:00.000-08:00

Traditional marriage ceremonies involve consultations with both a lama and an astrologer in order to predict the compatibility of a couple. The signing of a marriage contract is followed by an official ceremony at the home of the bridegroom. Appearance in a temple or before a civil authority is not required. After a couple is officially wedded, prayer flags are

Catechism

2005-01-19T20:00:00.000-08:00

A manual of religious instruction usually arranged in the form of questions and answers used to instruct the young, to win converts, and to testify to the faith. Although many religions give instruction in the faith by means of oral questions and answers, the written catechism is primarily a product of Christianity. Some early handbooks of instruction were prepared

Dada

2005-01-18T17:56:00.000-08:00

Several explanations have been given by various members of the movement as to how it received its name. According to the most widely accepted account, the name was adopted at Hugo Ball's Cabaret Voltaire

United Nations

2005-01-15T15:03:00.000-08:00

On several occasions during 1999 United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan acknowledged failures in UN actions and risked member states' ire by bringing forward important issues that they had acted badly upon or failed to act upon at all. In September he rebuked the U.S. Senate for rejecting the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and suggested that Israel had been singled

Elephantine

2005-01-14T00:57:00.000-08:00

Arabic Jazirat Aswan, island in the Nile opposite Aswan city in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), Upper Egypt. Elephantine is the Greek name for pharaonic Abu. There the 18th- and 19th-dynasty pharaohs built a large temple to Khnum, the ram god of the cataract region, to his consort, Sati, and to Anuket, goddess of nearby Sehel. To the north stands the Old and Middle Kingdom shrine. Numerous outstanding rock

Augustus, Caesar

2005-01-12T21:44:00.000-08:00

The inscriptions of the Augustan Age are used to explicate the history of the period in P.A. Brunt and J.M. Moore (eds.), Res Gestae Divi Augusti: The Achievements of the Divine Augustus (1967, reprinted 1988); and Victor Ehrenberg and A.H.M. Jones (compilers), Documents Illustrating the Reigns of Augustus & Tiberius, 2nd ed. (1955, reprinted with addenda, 1976). Books that examine numismatic evidence from the reign of Augustus include C.H.V. Sutherland, Coinage in Roman Imperial Policy, 31 BC–AD 68 (1951, reprinted 1978), and Roman History and Coinage, 44 BC–AD 69 (1987); and Michael Grant, From Imperium to Auctoritas: A Historical Study of Aes Coinage in the Roman Empire, 49 BC–AD 14 (1946, reprinted with corrections, 1969). The art, architecture, and decoration of this period are treated by J.M.C. Toynbee, The Art of the Romans (1965); Axel Boëthius, Etruscan and Early Roman Architecture, 2nd integrated ed., rev. by Roger Ling and Tom Rasmussen (1978); and Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus, trans. from (1988).

Romanian Literature

2005-01-09T17:00:00.000-08:00

The first landmark of this period was the uprising of Tudor Vladimirescu (1821) in Walachia against the Ottoman Turks and the return of the national rulers. Romanticism carried forward the falling wave of the Latinist movement. In the second half of the 19th century a serious literary criticism, which originated in German philosophy and French culture, inaugurated modern

Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von (baron Of)

2005-01-08T10:50:00.000-08:00

German jurist and historian, best known for his defense of the idea of natural law. He was created a baron in the last year of his life.

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

2005-01-04T22:04:00.000-08:00

Greek physician from Cappadocia who practiced in Rome and Alexandria, led a revival of Hippocrates' teachings, and is thought to have ranked second only to the father of medicine himself in the application of keen observation and ethics to the art. In principle he adhered to the pneumatic school of medicine, which believed that health was maintained by

Astor (of Hever Castle), Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount, Baron Astor Of Hever Castle

2005-01-01T03:10:00.000-08:00

He was the elder son of William Waldorf Astor, 1st Viscount Astor, and a great-great-grandson

Muravyov-apostol, Sergey Ivanovich

2004-12-31T04:12:00.000-08:00

The son of a diplomat and writer, Muravyov-Apostol graduated from the St. Petersburg Institute of Railway Engineers and fought against the French invasion of Russia in 1812 and in subsequent foreign

Hydrogenation

2004-12-29T22:47:00.000-08:00

Chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and an element or compound, ordinarily in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction may be one in which hydrogen simply adds to a double or triple bond connecting two atoms in the structure of the molecule or one in which the addition of hydrogen results in dissociation (breaking up) of the molecule (called hydrogenolysis,

Carlow

2004-12-27T22:59:00.000-08:00

Irish Ceatharlach (“The Four Lakes”) county in the province of Leinster, Ireland. The second smallest Irish county, it is bounded by County Kildare (north), Counties Wicklow and Wexford (east), and Counties Kilkenny and Laoighis (west). The town of Carlow is the county seat. In the east are the granitic mountains of the Leinster Chain, which are crossed by the River Slaney and flanked to the west by the River Barrow

Wieniawski, Henryk

2004-12-25T01:25:00.000-08:00

Wieniawski was a child prodigy who entered the Paris Conservatory at age 8 and graduated from there with the first prize in violin at the unprecedented age of 11. He became a concert violinist at age 13 and began touring

Nizam Al-mulk

2004-12-23T21:10:00.000-08:00

Original name Abu 'ali Hasan Ibn 'ali Persian vizier of the Turkish Seljuq sultans (1063–92), best remembered for his large treatise on kingship, Seyasat-nameh (The Book of Government; or Rules for Kings).

Nizam Al-mulk

2004-12-21T08:50:00.000-08:00

In electronics, a semiconductor device that emits infrared or visible light when charged with an electric current. Visible LEDs are used in many electronic devices as indicator lamps, in automobiles as rear-window and brake lights, and on billboards and signs as alphanumeric displays or even full-colour posters. Infrared LEDs are employed in autofocus cameras

Mountain, Heating and thermal expansion

2004-12-18T20:30:00.000-08:00

Rocks, like most materials, expand when they are heated. Some mountain ranges and plateaus are high simply because the crust and upper mantle beneath them are unusually hot. Most broad variations in the topography of the ocean floor, the mid-ocean ridges and rises, are due to horizontal variations in temperature in the outer 100 kilometres of the Earth. Hot areas stand

Venini, Paolo

2004-12-16T11:46:00.000-08:00

Italian glassmaker and designer and manufacturer of glassware, whose works are outstanding for their combination of traditional technique and modern form. His glass factory in Murano contributed to a revival of art-glass manufacture in the 1930s and '40s and employed some of the finest designers of the period, among them Gio Ponti and Tyra

East Dereham

2004-12-14T14:43:00.000-08:00

Also called Dereham town, Breckland district, administrative and historic county of Norfolk, England, 16 miles (26 km) west-northwest of Norwich. The site of a 7th-century Christian convent, it was destroyed by invading Danes. The parish church, dating from the 12th century, contains painted Perpendicular-style ceilings, the former tomb of the church's presumed 7th-century founder, St. Withburga (in

Nervous System Disease, Syphilis

2004-12-13T05:58:00.000-08:00

Syphilis follows infection with the spirochete Treponema pallidum as a result of sexual contact with an infected individual or infection of the fetus in utero. Primary syphilis produces a chancre, or sore, at the site of infection. Weeks later, secondary syphilis develops and causes a skin rash and signs of meningitis. In the third stage, the spirochete invades the

Mccormick, Anne Elizabeth O'hare

2004-12-10T19:36:00.000-08:00

McCormick was taken by her parents to the United States in early childhood and attended the academy and college of St. Mary of the Springs

Military Affairs

2004-12-08T07:12:00.000-08:00

Defense Minister Alain Richard presented a F 243.5 billion (U.S. $43.8 billion) 1999 budget proposal in keeping with the four-year defense spending plan he had unveiled in April. That plan was designed to cut F 20 billion ($3.5 billion) from the defense budget by 2002. To help meet this goal, France abandoned seven military programs,

Heinrich Von Melk

2004-12-06T05:53:00.000-08:00

A Benedictine lay brother of the Austrian monastery of Melk, he composed a vivid poem Von des Tôdes gehügede (c. 1150–60; “Remembrance of Death” or “Memento Mori”). The monkish theme is traditional, but the poem's satiric edge and unflattering description of the contemporary emerging feudal and courtly culture

Restaurant

2004-12-05T13:13:00.000-08:00

Characteristic of Japan are sushi bars that serve sashimi (raw fish slices) and sushi (fish or other ingredients with vinegared rice) at a counter. Other food bars serve such dishes as noodles and tempura (deep-fried shrimp and vegetables). Yudofu restaurants build their meals around varieties of tofu (bean curd), and the elegant tea houses serve formal Kaiseki table

Italo-albanian Church

2004-12-03T16:18:00.000-08:00

Also called Italo-greek Church, or Italo-greek-albanian Church, an Eastern-rite member of the Roman Catholic communion, comprising the descendants of ancient Greek colonists in southern Italy and Sicily and 15th-century Albanian refugees from Ottoman rule. The Italo-Greeks were Byzantine-rite Catholics; but, after the Norman invasion of the 11th century, most of them were forcibly Latinized. Byzantine practices were partially

Cambridge

2004-11-30T15:45:00.000-08:00

City (district), administrative and historic county of Cambridgeshire, England, home of the internationally known University of Cambridge. The city lies immediately south of the fen country (a flat alluvial region only slightly above sea level) and is itself only 20 to 80 feet (6 to 24 metres) above sea level. Most of the city is built on the east bank of the River Cam, a tributary

Jane

2004-11-29T21:38:00.000-08:00

Chicago-based women's collective that provided more than 11,000 safe albeit illegal abortions between 1969 and 1973. The underground clinic, a small branch of the Chicago Women's Liberation Union, strove to strengthen the pro-choice movement and abolish expensive, unsafe, and callously performed abortion services. They did so by providing medically sound, low-cost abortions at

Abrams, M.h.

2004-11-27T08:33:00.000-08:00

Following his graduation from Harvard University in 1934, Abrams studied for a year at the University of Cambridge before returning to his alma mater to earn an M.A. (1937) and a Ph.D. (1940). He joined the faculty of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., in 1945, becoming a full professor

French Literature, The novel between the wars

2004-11-24T13:36:00.000-08:00

With a few notable exceptions, novels were less technically innovative in the second quarter of the century. The Surrealists made their contribution with André Breton's Nadja (1928; Eng. trans., Nadja) and Louis Aragon's Le Paysan de Paris (1926; The Night-Walker), and they influenced the works of Raymond Queneau. The tradition of the family novel was continued by Roger Martin du

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852

2004-11-22T10:22:00.000-08:00

The succession to the throne was not to be decided so easily, however. The Chamber of Deputies, invaded by a mob that demanded a republic, set up a provisional government whose members ranged from constitutional monarchists to one radical deputy, Alexandre-Auguste Ledru-Rollin. Led by the poet-deputy Alphonse de Lamartine, the members of the government proceeded

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852

2004-11-20T11:58:00.000-08:00

International organization founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Members in the late 1990s included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United

Tractor Loader

2004-11-18T15:58:00.000-08:00

Tractor carrying a front-mounted bucket that can be raised, lowered, and tilted forward and backward hydraulically. It is forced into the digging by forward motion of the tractor and retracted and swung by backing and steering the tractor. Tractor loaders are used primarily for loading trucks, digging basements, and doing bulldozer work. They also transport material

Biblical Literature, Malachi

2004-11-16T09:29:00.000-08:00

The Book of Malachi, the last of the Twelve (Minor) Prophets, was written by an anonymous writer called Malachi, or “my messenger.” Perhaps written from about 500–450 BCE, the book is concerned with spiritual degradation, religious perversions, social injustices, and unfaithfulness to the Covenant. Priests are condemned for failing to instruct the people on their Covenant responsibilities,

Golden Age

2004-11-14T16:06:00.000-08:00

Spanish Siglo De Oro, the period of Spanish literature extending from the early 16th century to the late 17th century, generally considered the high point in Spain's literary history. The Golden Age began with the partial political unification of Spain about 1500. Its literature is characterized by patriotic and religious fervour, heightened realism, and a new interest in earlier epics and

Swimming

2004-11-11T09:30:00.000-08:00

In zoology, self-propulsion of an animal through water. See aquatic locomotion.

Bahram Ii

2004-11-09T04:58:00.000-08:00

Soon after becoming king, he was forced to defend his position against a brother, Hormizd, viceroy of the eastern provinces. In 283, exploiting Bahram's preoccupations, the Roman emperor Carus invaded Mesopotamia unopposed and entered Ctesiphon, the Sasanian capital. Carus' sudden death, however, forced the Romans

Switzerland, Settlement patterns

2004-11-07T10:55:00.000-08:00

The diversity of geomorphology, climate, and plant distribution in Switzerland provides a wide variety of sites for the formation of settlements, a variety further enhanced by the country's central European location. Because of its distinct cultural differences, Switzerland provides varied examples for the study of the geography of settlements. For example,

Duralumin

2004-11-04T13:26:00.000-08:00

Strong, hard, lightweight alloy of aluminum, widely used in aircraft construction, discovered and patented in 1910 by Alfred Wilm, a German metallurgist; it was originally made only at Düren in Germany. The original composition has been varied for particular applications; it may contain about 3 or 4 percent copper, 1/2 to 1 percent manganese, 1/2 to 1 1/2 percent magnesium, and, in some formulations,

Biblical Literature, Old Testament history

2004-11-02T14:07:00.000-08:00

Two current histories of Israel exhibit the full range of historiographical problems and methods relating to the subject: John Bright, A History of Israel (1959); and Martin Noth, Geschichte Israels, 3rd ed. (1956; Eng. trans., The History of Israel, 1958). They differ mainly in where they begin; Bright begins with Abraham, Noth with the federation of tribes that calls itself Israel in the land of Canaan. They disagree about the demonstrability of such a community in the pre-Canaanite times because of their respective assessment of the character of the Pentateuch. Bright assumes that it was intended as a history concerned to record the early past, while Noth assumes that its thematic traditions were intended to define and celebrate the identity of the later Israel and hence do not constitute a usable historical resource about its earliest beginnings. This whole methodological problem in Israelite historiography is lucidly discussed and illustrated in a little book by John Bright—Early Israel in Recent History Writing: A Study in Method (1956). For the use of archaeology, geography, and history of religion in the study of the history of Israel, see George Ernest Wright. Biblical Archaeology, rev. ed. (1962); Luc H. Grollenberg, Atlas van de Bijbel, 3rd ed. (1954; Eng. trans., Atlas of the Bible, 1956); Yehezkel Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel, from Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile (1960); and Helmer Ringgren, Israelitische Religion (1963; Eng. trans., 1966).

Stage Design

2004-11-01T22:03:00.000-08:00

The aesthetic composition of a dramatic production as created by such aspects of stagecraft as lighting, set, costume, sound, and stage architecture and machinery.

Tablature

2004-10-29T15:50:00.000-07:00

Lute tablatures were of three main varieties, French, Italian (used also in Spain), and German. The French type, used c. 1500–c. 1800, proved to be the most practical and contained an important

Cinéma Vérité

2004-10-27T01:33:00.000-07:00

(French: “truth cinema”), French film movement of the 1960s that showed people in everyday situations with authentic dialogue and naturalness of action. Rather than following the usual technique of shooting sound and pictures together, the film maker first tapes actual conversations, interviews, and opinions. After selecting the best material, he films

Levassor, émile

2004-10-25T06:49:00.000-07:00

Levassor took over a firm that made woodworking machinery. When René Panhard joined the firm in 1886, the renamed firm of Panhard and Levassor began to make metal-sawing machines as well. Around 1890 Levassor managed to gain control of the French licenses to the automobile engine

Rocky Mountains

2004-10-24T16:43:00.000-07:00

The human presence in the Rocky Mountains has been dated to between 10,000 and 8,000 BC. American Indian peoples inhabiting the northern mountains in modern times include the Shuswap and Kutenai of British Columbia, the Coeur d'Alene and Nez Percé of Idaho, and the Flathead of Montana. The traditional lands of the Shoshoni in Idaho and Wyoming and the Ute in Utah and Colorado extended

Chettle, Henry

2004-10-22T07:50:00.000-07:00

Chettle began his career as a printer and associated with such literary men as Robert Greene and Thomas Nashe. He prepared for posthumous publication Greenes Groats-Worth of Witte (1592), with its reference to Shakespeare as an “upstart Crow,” but offered Shakespeare compliments

China, Reform and upheaval

2004-10-20T13:16:00.000-07:00

Immediately after the triple intervention, Russia succeeded in 1896 in signing a secret treaty of alliance with China against Japan, by which Russia gained the right to construct the Chinese Eastern Railway across northern Manchuria. In November 1897 the Germans seized Chiao-chou Bay in Shantung and forced China to concede them the right to build two railways in the province.

M'clure Strait

2004-10-17T10:37:00.000-07:00

Eastern arm of the Beaufort Sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is about 170 miles (270 km) long and 60 miles (90 km) wide. In western Franklin District, Northwest Territories, Canada, it extends west of Viscount Melville Sound and lies between Melville and Eglinton islands (north) and Banks Island (south). The strait is part of the Northwest Passage route through the Canadian Arctic archipelago.

Young Plan

2004-10-16T09:59:00.000-07:00

(1929), second renegotiation of Germany's World War I reparation payments. A new committee, chaired by the American Owen D. Young, met in Paris on Feb. 11, 1929, to revise the Dawes Plan of 1924. Its report (June 7, 1929), accepted with minor changes, went into effect on Sept. 1, 1930. It reduced the amount due from Germany to 121,000,000,000 Reichsmarks in 59 annuities, set up the Bank for International Settlements to handle the transfer

Aurora

2004-10-14T10:56:00.000-07:00

City, Kane and Du Page counties, northeastern Illinois, U.S., on the Fox River. Founded as a trading point and mill site near a Potawatomi Indian village in 1834, the town was laid out in 1836. Aurora developed as both a residential and an industrial city. Many of its residents commute to Chicago, 39 miles (63 km) east. Its manufactures include heavy machinery, industrial and electrical equipment,

Burdigalian Stage

2004-10-11T23:35:00.000-07:00

In France the Burdigalian Stage is represented by rocks, especially shell beds, produced by a continuing transgression

Belarus, Flag Of

2004-10-10T01:31:00.000-07:00

The Slavic peoples of what is now Belarus were in the past ruled by Prussia, Poland, Lithuania, and Russia. Consequently no distinctive national symbols were developed until the 20th century, when for the first time Belarus became independent. With the breakup of the Russian Empire near the end of World War I, a Belarusian state existed briefly. Its first flag was plain

Stade

2004-10-08T01:50:00.000-07:00

City, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany. It lies along the Schwinge River, 3 miles (5 km) from its junction with the Elbe River, below Hamburg. The traditional seat of district administration and once the leading port of the lower Elbe, it was chartered in the 12th century and was a member of the Hanseatic League. Under Swedish rule from 1648 to 1712, it then passed to Denmark

Wesley, Charles

2004-10-04T09:29:00.000-07:00

The youngest and third surviving son of Samuel and Susanna Wesley, Wesley entered Westminster School, London, in 1716. In 1726 he was elected to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he translated Greek and

Lock Haven

2004-10-02T03:30:00.000-07:00

City, seat (1839) of Clinton county, north-central Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the West Branch Susquehanna River (a major tributary of the Susquehanna), on the southern slope of Bald Eagle Mountain, 26 miles (42 km) southwest of Williamsport. Founded in 1834 by Jeremiah Church, a land speculator, it was laid out on the site of the frontier post, Fort Reed, and developed as a lumbering centre.

Loden Coat

2004-09-30T17:17:00.000-07:00

Loden cloth is dyed in several colours, but bluish green is the most common. The jacket sometimes has a stiff, standup collar and is trimmed with

Wild Oat

2004-09-28T02:25:00.000-07:00

The best-known species is A. fatua, which has become a common field and roadside weed in temperate Australia, North America, and southern Africa. It grows in small tufts about 0.9 to 1.2 m (3 to 4 feet) tall.

Monticello

2004-09-26T18:59:00.000-07:00

Unlike most great mansions of the period,

Baltic States, Climate

2004-09-23T16:35:00.000-07:00

Over most of the region, annual rainfall varies between 22 and 28 inches (550 and 700 millimetres) and generally increases from the coastal zone to the upland districts of the interior. The prevailing temperatures are moderate by the standards of European Russia and in general improve from north to south and from east to west across the Baltic region. January mean temperatures

Abu Bakr

2004-09-21T07:20:00.000-07:00

Of a minor clan of the ruling merchant tribe of Quraysh at Mecca, Abu Bakr purportedly was the first male convert to Islam, but this view is doubted by a majority of Muslim historians. Abu Bakr's prominence

Alani

2004-09-19T15:47:00.000-07:00

Also called Alans, an ancient nomadic pastoral people that occupied the steppe region northeast of the Black Sea. The Alani were first mentioned in Roman literature in the 1st century AD and were described later as a warlike people that specialized in horse breeding. They frequently raided the Parthian empire and the Caucasian provinces of the Roman Empire. About AD 370, however, they were

Jacob, François

2004-09-17T03:04:00.000-07:00

Jacob received his M.D. degree (1947) and a doctorate in science (1954) from the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Science, respectively, in Paris. Most of the work of Jacob,

Coleman, Bessie

2004-09-16T17:46:00.000-07:00

One of 13 children, Coleman grew up in Waxahatchie, Texas, where her mathematical aptitude freed her from working in the cotton fields. She attended college in Langston, Oklahoma, briefly, then moved to Chicago, where she worked as a manicurist and restaurant

Wilderness, Battle Of The

2004-09-14T21:58:00.000-07:00

(May 5–7, 1864), in the American Civil War, first stage of a carefully planned Union campaign to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Crossing the Rappahannock River near Fredericksburg, Virginia, early in May, General Ulysses S. Grant advanced with a Union army of 115,000 men. On May 5 he met a Confederate army of 62,000 troops under General Robert E. Lee. The confrontation occurred

Wild Duck

2004-09-12T15:16:00.000-07:00

In the Northern Hemisphere, common name for the mallard (q.v.).

Xenakis, Iannis

2004-09-10T10:45:00.000-07:00

Xenakis was born to a wealthy family of Greek ancestry, and he moved to Greece in 1932. He fought in the Greek resistance movement

Ear, Human, Audiometry

2004-09-08T05:02:00.000-07:00

The audiometer consists of an oscillator or signal

Bar Sauma, Rabban

2004-09-05T11:12:00.000-07:00

Born into a wealthy Christian family living in Chung-tu and descended from the nomadic Uighurs of Turkistan,

Schaff, Philip

2004-09-03T03:50:00.000-07:00

Schaff was educated at the universities of Tübingen, Halle, and Berlin and was made a lecturer in 1842 at Berlin, where his interest in church history was aroused

Canada Day

2004-09-02T17:02:00.000-07:00

Formerly (until 1982) Dominion Day the national holiday of Canada. The possibility of a confederation between the colonies of British North America was discussed throughout the mid 1800s. On July 1, 1867, a dominion was formed through the British North America Act as approved by the British Parliament. It consisted of territories then called Upper and Lower Canada and of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The act

Gwinnett, Button

2004-08-31T04:24:00.000-07:00

Gwinnett emigrated from England to Georgia

Nivkh Language

2004-08-28T23:01:00.000-07:00

Formerly called Gilyak Language, isolated language with two main dialects spoken by some 400 Nivkh, roughly 10 percent of the ethnic group. The Nivkh live on Sakhalin Island and along the estuary of the Amur River in eastern Siberia. Nivkh is not known to be related to any other language, and it is usually included with the Luorawetlan languages and the Yeniseian languages in the catchall areal category

Table Tennis

2004-08-26T02:30:00.000-07:00

The Chinese continued their domination of table tennis in 1996, collecting all the gold medals at the 1996 Olympic Games. Liu Guoliang, the men's singles runner-up in 1995, won men's singles by besting Wang Tao of China. Deng Yaping, the women's world singles champion in 1991 and 1995, successfully defended her 1992 Olympic singles title by beating Chen Jing of Chinese Taipei (Taiwan). Liu joined the

PresentNail

Ren Essential Moroccan Rose Oil

Durga

Bendahara

Earth, Ellipsoidal era

Uzun Hasan

Burdett-coutts, Angela Georgina Burdett-coutts, Baroness

Amorphous Solid, Polymeric structural materials

Bonaparte, Jérôme

United Nations

Internationale, L'

Athanasius, Saint

Swaziland System

Basava

Canastra Mountains

Gruppo 63

Vignola, Giacomo Da

La Fontaine, Jean De

Irish Sweepstakes

Freiburg, Albert Ludwig University Of

Cromwell, Richard

Pithoragarh

Road Race

Ghadr

Natal Grass

Brill, Paul

Endotoxin

Daddy Longlegs

Nafusah Plateau

Tibet, Customs

Catechism

Dada

United Nations

Elephantine

Augustus, Caesar

Romanian Literature

Pufendorf, Samuel, Freiherr Von (baron Of)

Aretaeus Of Cappadocia

Astor (of Hever Castle), Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount, Baron Astor Of Hever Castle

Muravyov-apostol, Sergey Ivanovich

Hydrogenation

Carlow

Wieniawski, Henryk

Nizam Al-mulk

Nizam Al-mulk

Mountain, Heating and thermal expansion

Venini, Paolo

East Dereham

Nervous System Disease, Syphilis

Mccormick, Anne Elizabeth O'hare

Military Affairs

Heinrich Von Melk

Restaurant

Italo-albanian Church

Cambridge

Jane

Abrams, M.h.

French Literature, The novel between the wars

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852

Tractor Loader

Biblical Literature, Malachi

Golden Age

Swimming

Bahram Ii

Switzerland, Settlement patterns

Duralumin

Biblical Literature, Old Testament history

Stage Design

Tablature

Cinéma Vérité

Levassor, émile

Rocky Mountains

Chettle, Henry

China, Reform and upheaval

M'clure Strait

Young Plan

Aurora

Burdigalian Stage

Belarus, Flag Of

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852

France, History Of, The Second Republic, 184852